Dynamic infrared thermal camouflage technology has attracted extensive attention due to its ability to thermally conceal targets in various environmental backgrounds by tuning thermal emission. The use of phase change materials (PCMs) offers numerous advantages, including zero static power, rapid modulation rate, and large emissivity tuning range. However, existing PCM solutions still encounter several practical application challenges, such as temperature uniformity, amorphization achievement, and adaptability to different environments. In this paper, we present the design of an electrically controlled metal-insulator-metal thermal emitter based on a PCM metasurface, and numerically investigate its emissivity tunability, physical mechanisms, heat conduction, and thermal camouflage performance across different backgrounds. Furthermore, the influence of the quench rate on amorphization was studied to provide a guidance for evaluating and optimizing device structures. Simulation results reveal that the thermal emitter exhibits a wide spectral emissivity tuning range between 8 and 14 μm, considerable quench rates for achieving amorphization, and the ability to provide thermal camouflage across a wide background temperature range. Therefore, it is anticipated that this contribution will promote the development of PCM-based thermal emitters for practical dynamic infrared thermal camouflage technology with broad applications in both civilian and military domains.

近年来，单光子探测技术在激光雷达等方面的应用越来越受到研究人员的关注。研制了基于InGaAs负反馈雪崩二极管（Negative Feedback Avalanche Diode, NFAD）的自由运转式集成型近红外单光子探测器。设计将被动淬灭原理的NFAD与主动淬灭技术结合，针对NFAD的信号读出电路易受电磁干扰的问题，创新地提出了无前级放大器的雪崩信号高阻抗差分提取电路，并采用吸波材料对关键电路部分进行了屏蔽，同时提高了淬灭性能和稳定性。此外，为了降低暗噪声计数率，针对集成制冷型NFAD器件的散热进行了详细的热设计，对集成热电制冷的NFAD器件和高速淬灭电路发热量较大的特点进行了电路和散热结构设计优化。通过实验对淬灭电路性能、散热设计和抗干扰设计进行了验证。结果表明：无前置放大器设计的探测器性能稳定，对1550 nm波长光子的最高探测效率可达33%，在−50 ℃、10%探测效率时可用死时间低至120 ns，此时暗计数率890 Hz，后脉冲概率10.6%。探测器散热性能良好，环境20 ℃风冷下的最低制冷温度可稳定在−58 ℃。上述结果表明这一低噪声计数、高集成度的通信波段近红外单光子探测器尤其适用于对性能和环境空间要求更严苛的应用场合。

针对空间碎片探测与测距复合系统地面验证演示实验中，工作环境10~30 ℃、光学基台的尺寸限制（不超过450 mm×400 mm）以及光学望远镜尾部安装导致重心远离安装面的问题，提出了空间碎片探测与测距复合系统光学望远镜的设计。使用ANSYS有限元分析软件对光学望远镜建立了有限元模型，针对环境温度10~30 ℃、尾部安装状态下、光轴方向和垂直光轴方向1 g （g=9.8 m/s²）重力加速度工况下进行了分析。分析结果表明：光学望远镜整机一阶模态为133 Hz动态刚度较好，重力为光轴方向时主次镜间距最大变化量0.01 mm，重力为垂直光轴方向时主次镜间距最大为0.007 mm，光学望远镜系统波像差RMS值为λ/15，次镜最大倾角1.93″，具有较好的力、热稳定性，可以满足光学天线装校、检测以及外场实验验证过程中的指标要求。在光学望远镜装校完成后，使用ZYGO干涉仪对其像质进行检测，在重力垂直于光轴方向、环境温度10、20、30 ℃条件下进行检测，结果显示：系统波像差RMS值分别为0.097λ、0.075λ及0.1λ，整机光学望远镜系统波像差RMS值在最低温与最高温度时均优于λ/10均满足系统使用要求。

Optical imaging has served as a primary method to collect information about biosystems across scales—from functionalities of tissues to morphological structures of cells and even at biomolecular levels. However, to adequately characterize a complex biosystem, an imaging system with a number of resolvable points, referred to as a space-bandwidth product (SBP), in excess of one billion is typically needed. Since a gigapixel-scale far exceeds the capacity of current optical imagers, compromises must be made to obtain either a low spatial resolution or a narrow field-of-view (FOV). The problem originates from constituent refractive optics—the larger the aperture, the more challenging the correction of lens aberrations. Therefore, it is impractical for a conventional optical imaging system to achieve an SBP over hundreds of millions. To address this unmet need, a variety of high-SBP imagers have emerged over the past decade, enabling an unprecedented resolution and FOV beyond the limit of conventional optics. We provide a comprehensive survey of high-SBP imaging techniques, exploring their underlying principles and applications in bioimaging.